MUAJ-EMJ 2nd International Conference on Asian Studies Proceeding ICAS'2025

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON ACORUS CALAMUS FOR TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF CANCER

Long Ming — 2023-01-12

Cancer is a primary non-communicable disease posing substantial social and economic challenges in both developing and developed countries. This review was aimed to share the current knowledge of the chemical composition of Acorus calamus and its roles in the prevention and treatment of cancer. As no human studies have been performed, only in silico, in vitro, and animal studies have been included in the review. An electronic search for literature was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, preprint platform, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Articles were gathered from the inception of the database until August 2021. Moreover, the traditional uses and phytochemistry of Acorus calamus were surveyed in the original resources and summarized. Overall, the result indicates that Acorus Calamus primarily inhibits cell viability by the mean of apoptosis. It also inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest, mainly at the G1 phase. This systematic review analysed the relevant literature on the activities of Acorus Calamus constituents on cancer cells. However, most of the studies included in this review are in vitro. Hence more studies on humans would play a more significant role in producing a more comprehensive range of data.

Potential Biotechnological Applications of Microalgae Biomass

Safa Mahmod — 2023-01-12

Given their potential for CO2 capture and wastewater treatment, microalgae have recently attracted a growing interest in the aqua-environmental field. This review is focusing on various microalgae species that consume nutrients from wastewater and CO2 during their cultivation, providing high quality biomass. In addition to being used to supplement human diets, microalgae biomass (MB) can be used to produce value-added products, such as, biofuels, bio-based polymers, biofertilizers, animal and marine feed, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics pigments and skin care products. The paper critically examines the MB harvest and processing for each conceivable application. One of the sustainable options that will be both economically and environmentally viable is the biorefining of MB in a circular loop with the goal of maximizing resource recovery. With this framework, it would be possible to implement a circular economy approach to the management of organic wastewater, which would limit the environmental impact of agriculture and the treatment of organic wastes.

Feasibility Study of Palm Oil Mill Waste Biomass as Malaysia Biofuels Feedstocks

Hafiza Binti Shukor — 2023-01-12

Oil palm is considered the highest-yield product from Malaysia that had been exported all around the world which supported the country’s economy and increases the number of palm oil industries in Malaysia. The palm oil industry generated various types of biomasses including oil palm trunks (OPT), empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm pressed fibers (PPF), palm shells, and palm oil mill effluent palm (POME). Negligent handling of these wastes could lead to contamination of the environment. It is important to minimize and recycle waste and to improve technologies to recover the energy from the waste rather than disposing of the waste. Renewable energy derived from biomass is one of the most promising possibilities. In an effort to reverse the environment's decline, a race for biomass-based renewable energy has long been underway. Due to its environmental friendliness, palm oil has gained attention as a bioenergy source alternative to alleviate the problem of fossil fuels. Therefore, this review will focus on the feasibility study of palm oil waste biomass as Malaysia Biofuels feedstocks and become a potential alternative not only to reduce the negative impact of the waste on the environment but also to introduce new potential industries from the waste generated.

Advancing Circular Economy: Paddy Waste-Derived Cellulose Nanofibrils for Energy Application

Hui Lin Ong — 2023-01-12

Transforming agricultural wastes to valuable products to support the circular economy is beneficial towards environmental sustainability. Utilization of nanotechnology using agricultural wastes for the production of nanomaterials for energy applications has captured the high interests of researchers around the world. Cellulose nanofibrils which are high in strength, low price, light weight, biodegradability, renewability and compostability without toxic residue are ideally for energy application. In this talk, the use of paddy waste-derived cellulose nanofibrils for high performance supercapacitor separators with enhanced physical, thermal and electrochemical properties will be discussed.

Theoretical and Experimental Assessment of Azo Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Semiconductor Material for Adsorbent Interest

RAFIZAH RAHAMATHULLAH — 2023-01-12

The application of magnetic nanoparticles as one of the remedies to remove pollutants in water resources has become very alluring due to their adsorption capacity, magnetic property, and biocompatibility. However, one of the drawbacks is the stabilization of nanoparticles will undergo agglomeration and oxidation by air, which results in the loss the magnetism and limits their applicability. In conjunction with the matters stated, this present study focuses on the conjugated π-systems of azo moiety (-N=N-) as a coating agent to be incorporated in magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) linkage namely azo functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNP@Azo). By considering its hydrophobic properties and conjugated π-system, it can be examined as ideal functionalization material. The assessment of MNP@Azo adsorbent has been physicochemically characterized via selected spectroscopic and analytical methods namely infrared (IR), UV-visible (UV-vis), 1D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. The experimental and simulated UV-Vis absorption spectra were compared using Gaussian 09 software employing the density functional theory (DFT) approach with a set of basis functions B3LYP/6-31G (d,p). According to the findings, DFT calculation proved that the value of energy separation between HOMO and LUMO exhibits semiconductor properties at 3.64 eV. Furthermore, SEM analysis revealed that MNP@Azo is spherical in shape. From the preliminary test, the synthesized azo functionalized nanoparticle (MNP@Azo) was utilized as the adsorbent for the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), mainly pyrene from aqueous solution. According to the results, synthesized MNP@Azo could remove 89.49% of pyrene from the water sample. In conclusion, this newly fabricated adsorbent is applicable to act as an adsorbent for water treatment.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DATA MODEL OF DEPUTY VICE CHANCELLOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCUSED UNIVERSITIES

Nor Azliana Akmal Jamaludin — 2023-01-12

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DATA MODEL OF DEPUTY VICE CHANCELLOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCUSED UNIVERSITIES

Nor Azliana Akmal Jamaludin, Mohd Taufik Jusoh, Ruzanna Mat Jusoh & Najjah Salwa Abd Razak¹

Corresponding author: najjah@upnm.edu.my

National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sg Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur

ABSTRACT

The Ministry of Higher Education has a strategic agenda towards empowering the competency of academicians in academic world, research and their career developments. Thus, developing the knowledge data model is vital to reduce the inadequate values of competence educators and leaders at university level. This knowledge can be explored through the perspectives of universities’ leadership representatives. This project aims to explore the focused universities’ Deputy Vice Chancellor (DVC) characteristics and produce the knowledge data model. This is a multi-case study comprising five focused universities with different specific niche areas. A series of interviews have been conducted among the participants from five universities. The participants are the Deputy of Vice Chancellors from focused universities in Malaysia. They were interviewed and the audio was transcribed verbatim. The data were then analysed thematically, and the researchers proposed the knowledge management data knowledge based on the findings. Interestingly, the study has concluded that the focused universities’ Deputy Vice Chancellor has distinct types of leadership, and they have divergent backgrounds too. However, despite their differences, they continue being creative and perform their tasks very well. This study provides a leadership model particularly for focused universities in Malaysia and has an implication to the development of leaders among academicians at tertiary level.

KEYWORDS:

Knowledge Management; Model; Talent Management; Deputy Vice Chancellor, University

Bio-Emoji Image : Hybrid Biometric Multifactor Steganography for Mobile Authentication

Nuur Alifah Roslan — 2023-01-12

Smartphones have evolved into a basic human requirement. PINs, passwords, swipes, and other methods are used to authenticate users on mobile devices. However, existing authentication systems are vulnerable to modern security vulnerabilities. The advantages of graphical image passwords over traditional passwords are that images are easier to remember than text-based passwords. Our emoji-image authentication strengthens the security layer by using double layer authentication of the image, which is the background image, and the selection of the emoji based on the grid position. However, one of our previous works' flaws is the resistance to shoulder surfing. As a result, in this paper, we proposed a new framework in which we integrate our emoji-image authentication with biometric hybrid steganography.

Numerical Treatment of General Third Order Boundary Value Problems via B-Spline Method

Osama Ala'yed — 2023-01-12

In this paper, the quintic B-spline functions are used to approximate the solution of general third order boundary value problems directly. The convergence analysis of the proposed method is investigated to prove its fourth order of convergence. Four numerical examples are performed to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed technique. The numerical results seem to indicate that the proposed method is more accurate than some accessible methods in the literature in terms of error. The primary strength of the presented method is its simple and rapid implementation.

White Rot Fungus Biomass: A Potential Source for Antibacterials

ahmad anas nagoor gunny — 2023-01-12

The research has successfully investigated the capability of white rot fungus for antibacterial activity of these two white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Panus tigrinus. The selection between these two white rot fungus were depends on yield of total phenolic and total flavonoid content and diameter of zone inhibition on E.coli and Bacillus subtilis that were extracted using aqueous two phase method. The parameters involved in this extraction are extraction time and temperature. P.chrysosporium has showed higher yield of the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with 0.07272 mg/ml and 0.0721 mg/ml as compared to Panus tigrinus which only have total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with 0.3419 mg/ml and 0.0474 mg/ml, respectively. The biomass of these two fungus were further evaluated in terms of their bacterial activity. Diameter of inhibition zone of P.chrysosporium is larger than Panus tigrinus for both bacterial agents. Hence this fungus has been selected for further investigation. Optimization of extraction of P.chrysosporium was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and second order polynomial equation was developed. The optimum condition for extraction P. chrysosporium was determined at 105 min and 45°C. Then, the bioactive constituent in extract was analyzed using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR). Analysis by FTIR showed that the extracts from P.chrysosporium contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds

Production of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis Toxin Using Agro-Industrial Waste-Based Media for Mosquito Larvicide

Amin Rukaini Mustafa — 2023-01-12

Dengue has been prevalent in Malaysia for decades and eradication measures remain purely ineffective. The use of chemical-based insecticide for control measures is considerably non-sustainable and hence the use of more environmental options such as biological larvicide is preferable. One of the biological larvicides that has proven to be very effective against Dengue vectors like Aedes mosquitoes is a toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti). The toxin produced by this strain targets and kills only the larvae of Aedes sp. mosquitoes, leaving other ecological and aquatic organisms alive; making Bti toxin the most environmentally friendly biopesticide for mosquito control. Though, Bti-based products are marketed at a high and premium price due to the cost of importation, transportation and production. This is unacceptable from a long-term control perspective as Malaysia needs to have a lower-price alternative for such biotechnological products to be used by local consumers. This study aimed to evaluate various cheaper alternative media, in particular from local agricultural biomass wastes or residues, that could support the production of Bti toxin. In this study, we found that unused coconut water obtained from the coconut milk industry was not only able to promote sporulation and toxin production but also able to retain the toxin efficacy of larvicide activity as compared to conventional nutrient broth medium. Collectively, outputs from this study permit further refinement of media replacement models and cost-saving formulations towards industrializing the prototypes.

Factors Contributing in the Construction of EFL Teachers’ Professional Identity:A Case Study of EFL Initial Teachers at UNRWA University in Jordan

khaldoon khamaisa — 2023-01-12

ABSTRACT

Construction of teacher's identity is viewed as a complex and dynamic process in which teachers experience struggle and changes because of various factors and forces; The process by which English Foreign Language (EFL ) teachers form new professional identities through negotiation with themselves and others to adjust themselves to new contexts has attracted hardly the attention in the literature, particularly in the Arab region (Abou-Assali, 2013).

As UNRWA University is one of the most important educational institutions in Jordan that offers primary and secondary education to Palestinian refugee children, construction of its initial teachers' identity is very important in order to produce high quality education. In addition, construction of teachers' identity will be reflected on the knowledge and culture of the students and then to their contribution in building the nation.

This research seeks to explore factors that influence the construction of EFL teachers' professional identity at UNRWA university in Jordan.

A qualitative case study was used in which data was gathered through collective classroom observation, and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 6 Palestinian and Jordanian FESA teachers. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The analysis indicates various factors affecting the EFL teachers' identity construction at UNRWA university in Jordan.

Findings reveal that identity construction is a complex process and that there are various factors affecting the identity construction of EFL teachers; the participants of this research construct their professional identity by engaging in their teaching environment and shared practice with their supervisors, colleagues, students and administration; other factors , among others, including practicum, beliefs , knowledge, families , past teachers and community membership contribute in shaping the EFL teachers' professional identity at UNRWA university.

The findings of this research expects to contribute to the existing knowledge and researches already conducted in the arena of education process and construction of teachers' identity. They also contribute to our understanding of the importance of a conducive professional environment in supporting teachers to develop their professional identities.

ALIENATION AND IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION IN FADIA FAQIR’S WILLOW TREES DON’T WEEP

Iman Eyad Alnajem — 2023-01-12

ABSTRACT

Introduction : This study discusses two common aspects in modern Anglophone literature: alienation, more specifically, different dimensions of alienation that individuals may experience in everywhere, and identity transformation, through a novel written by the British Jordanian, Fadia Faqir, Willow Trees Don’t Weep (2013). The notion of alienation is the main issue in the selected novel and a common theme in many novels written today. Alienation has different dimensions i.e., physical alienation, when a person lives outside his or her culture in a different location from his/her native society, or psychological when someone experiences alienation within his/her society. This study will shed light on the outcomes of these alienation experiences which leads to identity transformation. Identity transformation is what happens when a character experiences alienation and tries to make changes to find him/her true self by taking certain actions like moving to another area or country or looking into elements from their past. The study also aims to show how the identity transformation of the main characters differs in the course of the novel, and how this results in a further sense of alienation.

Methodology: Based on the research objectives and questions, the researcher will use the thematic descriptive-analytic methodology. It is a qualitative –descriptive research; this technique employs verbal and non-numerical facts as a foundation for analysis and problem resolution (Farkhan, 2007, p.2). The research utilized the researcher's own self as the basic instrument for gathering data including a variety of methods such as reading a novel or texts to be studied repeatedly , determining the important parts to be included in the research, classifying and writing notes and comments. The researcher also read many articles, books and journals which are related to the research. The unit of analysis in this research is the novel of writer Fadia Faqir, Willow Trees Do not Weep, in terms of Seeman’s theory of alienation. Which was published by Heron Books in 2014. Results: the findings of the writer's analysis of Faqir's Willow Trees Don't Weep are demonstrated in the research. The analysis is based on the experiences of the characters in the novel. In that research, the author discovered five kinds based on Seaman’s five aspects of alienation (1959). Characters' experiences are heavily impacted by psychological, social, cultural, religious, and political factors. The factors and senses of alienation play an important role in construction someone’s identity. Najwa’s identity is constructed as a result of experiencing different senses of alienation. So her identity experiences a kind of conflict to reach the full constructed identity. It is apparent that the processes and experiences she had while tracing her father via Pakistan, Afghanistan, and England have influenced her to establish her identity and become flexible with each culture. This also demonstrates how vital it is for someone to have a distinct identity as a means of self-representation and, at the same time, as a means of characterizing themselves in the face of differences and similarities. Clearly we can notice that different sense of alienation that Najwa experiences had an influence on the construction of her identity. Conclusion: the various sorts of alienation as depicted by Seeman’s theory of alienation and portrayed in Willow Trees Don’t Weep, were addressed in depth. It has been identified that there are five types of alienation according to Seeman’s theory. It has been concluded in this study that the process of constructing of the main characters' identity is largely influenced by their experiences of alienation in various cultures. Distinct cultures reflect different identities, and they are changed through time depending on where one lives and the extent of sense of alienation that he/she experiences.

ENHANCING MORPHOLOGICAL & SYNTACTICAL AWARENESS THROUGH VOCABULARY GAMES

Nur Salina Ismail — 2023-01-12

Vocabulary is one of the most essential parts in learning any languages along with other skills. Being proficient in English language depends on the knowledge of its vocabulary possessed by the second and foreign language learners and even the native speakers. The declining proficiency of English language ability among Malaysian learners and the weak grasp of English vocabulary has been a concern to Malaysian linguists, educationists, and policymaker. The traditional teaching methods of vocabulary which are currently employed in most schools and tertiary education are less interesting, ineffective as well as less motivating. Hence, this study aims to develop innovate and creative skills in designing vocabulary games focusing on morphology and syntax in enhancing vocabulary development among ESL undergraduates in local university. It also evaluates the effectiveness using vocabulary games focusing on morphology and syntax among students. The data consist of the responses of 89 ESL undergraduates of semester II 2020/2021from Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) pertaining to their learning of morphology and syntax in BIK10103 course. This mixed method approach study adopts an online questionnaire to investigate the vocabulary learning challenges faced by the learners themselves. Based on the data, these students design their own vocabulary game together with the researchers who act as mentor. After the devising of the vocabulary games, semi structured interview adopting Kolb’s experiential learning style was carried out with students’ representatives to assess the effectiveness of using vocabulary games in learning morphology and syntax. Based on students’ grade result, statistics indicates that the implementation of vocabulary games play a vital role in enhancing students’ performance and achievement in learning morphology and syntax. To its contribution, this study highlights the effectiveness of implementing vocabulary games in enhancing mastery in vocabulary. Future research may explore a longitudinal study at different educational levels with different instruments in which appropriately being investigated in English language classrooms.

Biomass Derived Porous Carbon for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture

Umi Fazara Md Ali — 2023-01-12

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) adsorption and/or reduction technologies have attracted interest because they would reduce CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere while conducting various industrial activities and continuing to use fossil fuels. Various technologies which produce less CO₂ or promote its utilisation are under research and development. Solid physical adsorbents like e.g. activated carbon, zeolite and metal-organic frameworks offer significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency compared with chemical and physical absorption approaches. Carbonaceous materials produce activated carbons which are especially attractive due to their moderate heats of sorption, inexpensive preparation and they are not as sensitive to water vapour as the other CO₂-philic materials. Research in Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) is focusing on the preparation, characterization and evaluation of agricultural waste- based activated carbon using conventional heating in a horizontal tube furnace. However, and based on the scientific literature, activated carbons’ microspores developed from microwave technique indicate a more open structure, round shape, uniform sizes and quite clean as compared to conventional pyrolysis method. The characteristics of the activated carbon prepared were investigated which include the surface morphologies, specific surface area, pore structure, iodine adsorption, and surface functional groups. The prepared activated carbon was then modified with amine-based chemical impregnation to improve its adsorption capability and selectivity to adsorb CO₂. The performance of the activated carbon on CO₂ adsorption was obtained through breakthrough time curve and adsorption bed capacity. The research is attained to give positives impact and benefits to the society especially on the awareness of GHG and CO₂mitigation.

Performance Study of Millimeter Waves (Mm Wave) For 5G Mobile Communication Systems

Rana Imarah — 2023-01-12

Millimeter-wave (mm-waves) Communications have gotten a lot of attention of research interest over the last few years, as the available bandwidth is likely to be gigabits per second per user. Although mm-waves are easy to use in fixed scenarios such as indoor hotspots and backhauls, using mm-waves in mobile networks where transmit / receive nodes can move has a complex channel structure and coordination between multiple junctions. The possibility of is difficult. To take full benefit of the possibly high millimeter-wave speeds from mobile networks, many technical issues need to be resolved. This white paper describes a comprehensive study for millimeter-wave communications for future mobile networks (5G and above).

Optimization of catalytic pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with copper oxide doped alumina (CuO/Al2O3) in a reactor via response surface methodology (RSM)

Alina Mohamed — 2023-01-12

In this study, catalytic pyrolysis of EFB with copper oxide doped aluminium oxide (CuO/Al2O3) was conducted in a fixed bed reactor. The process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) whereby three independent factors were chosen with its specific range such as the reaction temperature (300-600℃), heating rate (20-60℃/min) and catalyst to biomass ratio (7.65-30.00 wt%). The results were completely analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was determined that the model was statistically significant with p-value of 0.0312. Factor A which was the pyrolysis temperature was a significant factor since its p-value was 0.0057. The optimum conditions were at reaction temperature of 540.69℃, heating rate of 58.01℃/min and catalyst to biomass ratio of 9.12 wt% that had produced the maximum bio-oil yield of 31.89 wt%. The bio-oils from the lowest, highest and optimized reaction temperatures of 300, 600 and 540.69 oC were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) to investigate the differences in terms of chemical compositions of bio-oil. It was determined that the amounts of carboxylic acids in bio-oil obtained from reaction temperature of 300, 600 and 540.69 oC were 45.13%, 30.89 and 13.9 % respectively. The chemical compositions were categorized into functional groups such as carboxylic acid, alcohol, ester, ether, ketone, phenol, aldehyde, aromatic, furan and hydrocarbon. Generally, the bio-oils contained mainly oxygenated compounds.

THE EFFECT OF THE CASH RESERVE RATIO ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JORDANIAN BANKS

Abeer Al Abbadi — 2023-01-12

The study investigates the link between the mandatory reserve ratio and bank profitability in Jordan, concluding that the statutory reserve ratio has an impact on bank profitability, rate of Return on Assets (ROA), and rate of Return on Equity (ROE) in Jordan. When looking at quantitative data, the multiple-regression test is utilized. Data was collected for 13 Jordanian banks for the last 11 years, from 2010 to 2020. The study found no link between Jordanian commercial bank performance (return on assets and rate of return on equity) and cash-required reserve. This analysis reveals that other central bank measures have a greater impact on bank commercial cash reserves than the cash reserve ratio.

Analyzing the Use of TAM Model with Customer Satisfaction and Security Risk in Jordanian Banks

Wissam Khabashna — 2023-01-12

The globe is currently experiencing significant and all-encompassing changes in the social, political, and economic spheres of existence. The rapid shift that can be attributed to recent advancements in the bank industry is described by this dynamic environment. Globalization is the phenomena wherein the world has become one large country due to the development of technology. The study's foundation is a thorough analysis of papers on security risk, consumer satisfaction, and the technology acceptance model (TAM). The results contribute to a more thorough understanding of the subject and complete the research on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, customer satisfaction, security risk, and intention to use e-banking. In addition, a conceptual framework is suggested to organize and explain future research initiatives. It's possible that not all articles and reports on e-banking intention were included in this study. However, it seems plausible to believe that the review procedure included a sizable number of the available papers based on the research technique employed. The current study adds to our understanding of technology acceptance research. Additionally, it showed that, with varied degrees of explanatory power, a non-western society might adopt the unified model of technological acceptance developed in a western culture.

Productive causes of violence and their proposed solutions to reduce this phenomenon

Imad Al Zqoul — 2023-01-12

Our world suffers from the spread of cultural community violence phenomenon in all its forms, especially violence against the most vulnerable groups. Which places the responsibility on the society with all its parts, especially those interested in spreading a culture of peace and combating forms of violence? The fact that the culture of violence and war does not need someone to nurture it nor to teach it to others. It is indeed a method used on all levels in which it prevails news on all media types. It is appears in the societies of schools and universities with scenes and phenomena that are difficult to imagine its cruelty and ugliness, while the culture of community peace needs education and training in order to be cultivated and instilled in the minds to bear the fruits of true peace. Therefore, there is a very important role for the society, starting with the family and its upbringing, as an extending to all institutions, especially schools and universities to consolidate and empower a culture of community peace, starting with the inner peace of the child, and extending to community peace and public peace.

Mitochondrion is the Main Target for the Toxicity of Nanomaterials

Bashir Jarrar — 2023-01-12

Background: Nanoparticles and nanocomposite are used in many applications with potential risk to human health in the tissue, cellular and macromolecules level.

Objective: The present work aimed to find out the ultrastructural alterations that might be induced by different nanomaterials in the hepatocytes and renal cells.

Methodology: Twelve groups (6 control groups and 6 treated ones) of Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were subjected to eight oxide and metallic (Silver, gold, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, copper oxide, ferrous oxide) nanoparticles at a daily base for 21 days. Liver and kidney tissue blocks were processed for Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM) examinations.

Results: In comparison with the control rats, the hepatic and renal tissue of all NPs-treated rats demonstrated variable ultrastructural alterations included apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, nuclear alterations, endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, lysosomal hyperplasia, hydropic degeneration, ribosomal dropping, hepatocytes and renal cells degenerative changes, peroxisomes formation and basement membrane thickening. However, the mitochondria and to lesser extent the nucleus are the main targets for the toxicity of nanomaterials.

Conclusion: Exposure to nanomaterials could induce variable ultrastructural alterations that may alter the cellular of the vital organ functions with mitochondria are the target organelles for gold toxicity. Additional efforts are needed for better understanding the pathogenesis and the potential risk of nanomaterials on the organelles and macromolecules of the cell.

The Importance of Feedforward Neural Network in Developing Small Ruminant Breed Lineage Prediction System

Mohammad Farizshah Ismail Kamil — 2023-01-12

Sheep are crucial to Malaysian muslims, which accounts to 60% of the population. Yet there are not enough supply due to a high death rate brought on by diseases like Tetanus and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), among others. Although certain farms recorded their data digitally in separate database tables and Excel sheets, bulk of the data was recorded in one master sheet and one master table from a certain point in time. This defines that there are movement in staffing where previous worker resigns and new worker is hired without any proper handover between the two which creates inconsistent data being recorded. History could not be established and data from old records could not be synced with newly recorded data as the values differ from each other. Objective of the study is to create a uniform data collection system that can be adopted across farms. The system will be developed using standard web-development framework and will be utilising the Feedforward Artificial Neural Network (FANN) to process the data. Outcome of the system will base on accuracy, time consumption and reliability. Result of this study will be displayed in diagrams and user interface of the system. Future areas of research may include adopting our system on other types of farm animals. Analyzed data from our study will be integrated with our Feedforward Neural Network algorithm.